ApostateAbe
Banned
Racism is innate. True, this claim can be used as a justification for racism, but if the claim is true then acceptance of the claim is probably the best way to know how to respond to it, regardless of one's values. The acceptance of the "innate" claim does not require the acceptance of racism. Murder is likewise probably innate, but that does not mean accepting the behavior of murder.
Starting over: racism is innate. The claim seems to follow directly from these two premises:
(1) The "selfish gene" theory, which is now broadly accepted among biologists. The "selfish gene" theory is, to quote from Wikipedia, that "adaptive evolution occurs through the differential survival of competing genes, increasing the allele frequency of those alleles whose phenotypic trait effects successfully promote their own propagation." As Richard Dawkins put it, "The genes too control the behavior of their survival machines... indirectly like the computer programmer." We are the machines of our genes.
(2) Races are subsets of species with different ancestral geography and different allele frequencies. If races are social constructs, then it would be misleading to leave it at that, because the differences in allele frequencies are how any forensic geneticist can know your race if you leave behind a hair or saliva or semen at the crime scene. The geneticist will not know your religion or language or favorite sports team, but given a non-tainted sample he or she will know your race with 100% certainty, or even better than you know yourself. Races are key to evolutionary biology, they happen after a species diverges geographically and adapts to different environments, and humans are no exception. Biologists would even be justified in classifying human races as subspecies (see "The Seventy-five Per Cent Rule for Subspecies," which is the only numerical rule for subspecies, though now seldom used).
You can think of your own race as a step beyond your tribe. The groups we value, from most valued to least valued depending on genetic similarity, is: (1) our own selves, (2) our own children, parents, and siblings, (3) our cousins, aunts, uncles, grandparents, (4) our own tribes (5) our own races, (6) the human species, (7) non-human species. In human prehistory, races probably directly competed with other races as confederacies of tribes, as larger forces tended to defeat the smaller forces.
You may say, "But, I don't value my own race," especially if you are white. Whites alive today have been trained against valuing their own race. This training is only partially effective, as it works on the conscious mind, not so much on the subconscious mind. Try taking Harvard's online "implicit association test." Odds are high that you will more quickly associate good things with your own race and evil things with racial outsiders. When natural disasters and wars happen, you are more likely to express concern in favor of members of your own race, less in favor of those outside of it. This is no biological accident.
Racism has always been strong in the world, but so have other forms of group zeal, such as nationalism and religion. I expect that those other forms of group zeal piggyback largely on the instinct of racism. The members of your own nation and your own religion tend to be members of your own race. If your nation wins, then so does your race. The racist instinct is channeled into defending a rough approximation of your own race. Memes hijack the racist instinct.
So, suppose you want to stop racism, then how do you deal with the probable reality that it is genetic? I expect that continuing to falsely deny the biology of race and racism is unsustainable, as we are progressing toward a deeper and more certain understanding of human biology, which will include some of the most taboo claims of racial differences. Racists would prefer to channel such knowledge into us-versus-them battles, but such knowledge can also be used to emphasize continuity of racial differences, the within-race genetic diversity, universality of human interests, and the malleability of genetic expressions. The worst outcomes are more likely to follow from allowing racists to lay sole claim to the correct knowledge.
Starting over: racism is innate. The claim seems to follow directly from these two premises:
(1) The "selfish gene" theory, which is now broadly accepted among biologists. The "selfish gene" theory is, to quote from Wikipedia, that "adaptive evolution occurs through the differential survival of competing genes, increasing the allele frequency of those alleles whose phenotypic trait effects successfully promote their own propagation." As Richard Dawkins put it, "The genes too control the behavior of their survival machines... indirectly like the computer programmer." We are the machines of our genes.
(2) Races are subsets of species with different ancestral geography and different allele frequencies. If races are social constructs, then it would be misleading to leave it at that, because the differences in allele frequencies are how any forensic geneticist can know your race if you leave behind a hair or saliva or semen at the crime scene. The geneticist will not know your religion or language or favorite sports team, but given a non-tainted sample he or she will know your race with 100% certainty, or even better than you know yourself. Races are key to evolutionary biology, they happen after a species diverges geographically and adapts to different environments, and humans are no exception. Biologists would even be justified in classifying human races as subspecies (see "The Seventy-five Per Cent Rule for Subspecies," which is the only numerical rule for subspecies, though now seldom used).
You can think of your own race as a step beyond your tribe. The groups we value, from most valued to least valued depending on genetic similarity, is: (1) our own selves, (2) our own children, parents, and siblings, (3) our cousins, aunts, uncles, grandparents, (4) our own tribes (5) our own races, (6) the human species, (7) non-human species. In human prehistory, races probably directly competed with other races as confederacies of tribes, as larger forces tended to defeat the smaller forces.
You may say, "But, I don't value my own race," especially if you are white. Whites alive today have been trained against valuing their own race. This training is only partially effective, as it works on the conscious mind, not so much on the subconscious mind. Try taking Harvard's online "implicit association test." Odds are high that you will more quickly associate good things with your own race and evil things with racial outsiders. When natural disasters and wars happen, you are more likely to express concern in favor of members of your own race, less in favor of those outside of it. This is no biological accident.
Racism has always been strong in the world, but so have other forms of group zeal, such as nationalism and religion. I expect that those other forms of group zeal piggyback largely on the instinct of racism. The members of your own nation and your own religion tend to be members of your own race. If your nation wins, then so does your race. The racist instinct is channeled into defending a rough approximation of your own race. Memes hijack the racist instinct.
So, suppose you want to stop racism, then how do you deal with the probable reality that it is genetic? I expect that continuing to falsely deny the biology of race and racism is unsustainable, as we are progressing toward a deeper and more certain understanding of human biology, which will include some of the most taboo claims of racial differences. Racists would prefer to channel such knowledge into us-versus-them battles, but such knowledge can also be used to emphasize continuity of racial differences, the within-race genetic diversity, universality of human interests, and the malleability of genetic expressions. The worst outcomes are more likely to follow from allowing racists to lay sole claim to the correct knowledge.