I dislike being wrong about my deductions
If you are always right, then your process of deduction can never improve. In that case, neither can your decisions. So your likelihood of getting a better life than you already have drops drastically.
If you think your life is perfect, then that's a good thing. But if you're far from happy with your life, then ....
OTOH, if you're often wrong, and you're not happy with your life, then every new correction means a good chance that your future will get better and better.
and I dislike having my deductions pointed out as specious without receiving logical enough reasons.
If your arguments are specious, then they're lip service to being right. That plays for and against your repuation.
If you are normally considered to be super-capable, then occasionally being proved wrong means you stop appearing like an inhuman alien who would probably consider humans as a lesser species that are only fit for being used in experiments like Mengele's.
If you are normally considered to be not all that competent, then occasionally being proved wrong just highlights your incompetence.
So if you've got a problem with being proved wrong publicly, then you have a problem with how the world perceives you. Either you're in the wrong job, or you hang out with the wrong people.
My father shares the same trait and he is also tested an INTP. We both have this 'scientific' mindset where we only accept criticism as valid when it is backed with logic. Now this is irrational because we determine the 'logic' of the criticism received.
I am starting to believe that somehow this tendency is innate. Do you guys share the same problem?
I consistently tested as an INTP and like it when people prove me wrong, because then I've got a good chance of learning something new that can improve my general reasoning and thus my future decisions and their consequences. Moreover, INTJs like to prove themselves right, and often fight against being proved wrong, and INTJs have opposite functions to INTPs. So I doubt that it's about functions.
I doubt that it's biologically genetic, not unless you have some weird biological trait that both your father and you share, that everyone who demands to be right shares. INTJs seem to be very different in all sorts of ways. So I really doubt that it's genetic.
I am not from your country, your ethnicity, your culture or your family. So I suspect that this is not about functions, and more about your background and/or your culture.
You can change your cultural assumptions. So I would suspect that you can change this.
Jewish culture says that accepting being proved wrong is a sign of strength, and is a learning moment. However, in the Jewish religion, Jewish men have a religious duty that they should always be learning and contemplating, unless one has something that needs to be done that cannot be done by someone else.
So I suspect that if you're always studying and learning, then being wrong on the odd occasion is not a big deal, because you're always working on improving your mind.
So if you want to change this, I would suggest trying to adopt an attitude that whenever you have free time, you're studying, learning, reading, etc, and whenever you are around people, you are seeking to learn from others, and treat that as if it's a obligation that is as serious as the way religions consider religious duties, i.e. that it's really important, and one day, the fate of the entire world could hinge on what you learned.
Then you don't mind being wrong, because that means learning something new, and you are always seeking to learn new things, because that's the attitude that you live by.