My husband and I (one of each) have found one obvious difference, which is how we approach planning a project. Neither way is easier. We are both about equally successful at completing tasks in the same amount of time, and with the same outcomes. It is more a matter of assumptions and ways of thinking.
He (INTJ) likes to have a list of all the steps necessary to complete the project, in order, that he can check off. When they are all checked off, the project is done.
I (INTP) prefer to have a list of all the project requirements. When they are all checked off, the project is done.
For example, we bought a new bookcase, which needed assembly. Here is how we would each make our lists:
INTJ:
Go to furniture store that we know carries the right kind of furniture
Select bookcase based on storage needs, color preference, and price (See separate list for reference while shopping)
Buy bookcase without delivery option
Compare truck prices and availability by calling Ryder and U-Haul
Rent truck based on price and availability
Pick up bookcase with truck
Return truck
Buy earthquake strap
Get out screwdriver, hammer, measuring tape, studfinder, drill, drill bits
Assemble bookcase according to included instructions
Find stud in wall behind bookcase
Drill pilot hole in stud for earthquake strap
Attach bookcase to wall with earthquake strap
Put away tools
INTP:
Any bookcase with at least 4 shelves and some closing doors at the bottom will be fine.
U-Haul is open until 5, so the bookcase needs to be picked up and dropped at home before then, so the truck can be returned the same day. Best to leave by 2 PM.
Once the bookcase is assembled, install the earthquake strap.
So the INTJ assumes very little, but all the details were considered up front (including contingency plans!) and it is all correct at the end. Nothing is left out, and even if something goes wrong, it is easy to see what step you are on at any point and what remains to be done.
The INTP assumes a lot of defaults, like the bookcase will need to be assembled, so there is no need to specify that as another step. Also, I like defaults, so I always rent from U-Haul, and Ryder is my backup plan. I already researched them both last time and see no need to do it again. "Use an earthquake strap" obviously includes buying one and finding a stud in the wall, so I think of that as one step.
Unfortunately, when I unpacked the bookcase, it had two right sides and no left side, so I had to return it and neither plan would have worked. My plan then had to include "talk to the condescending guy at the furniture store who thinks I'm just too stupid to follow instructions."
Of course, after a few years of marriage, I can make the INTJ's list well enough to create this example, even if I am probably exaggerating or missing things that he wouldn't.