Re: Broken shapes floating in my head.
I finished the paper. It includes the questionnaires that were submitted to ~100 people. I see a major methodological problem of substantiating what an "earworm" is, when we discuss it in a forum like this. This is what the questionnaire actually frames the problem as:
Catchy Tunes Questionnaire
This is a questionnaire about catchy tunes: - the ones that get stuck in your head even though you do not want them to stay there. Not much is known about catchy tunes, so your answers will help us understand them a bit more.
For a test taker to affirm, "Yes, I've heard a tune which I consider 'catchy' " is a trivial statement to make. Most musicians would not be doing their job if their music didn't bear remembering in any way.
What really matters is a definitional threshold for deciding that the phenomenon is an "earworm". The lowest amount of time that someone is allowed to state a catchy tune lasted in their mind, is "minutes". What about seconds? What about saying they don't think it happens to them? Also important is whether they think the phenomenon bothers them. If you don't recall something bothering you, there might not be much of anything to remember. Maybe some people have clear, unambiguous memory of an event, even if it didn't bother them, but I don't think this questionnaire would determine that.
I asked family members about earworms. I framed it as, not just a song you remembered or played in your mind, but that did so involuntarily, was possibly annoying, and went on for a long time. To which one asked, "How long, days?" To which I said, "Maybe hours." Both people I asked said no, but they had heard of this phenomenon on the news. One dismissed it as probably being a pretty rare thing.
Anyways the long and the short of it, is I don't see anything about this paper that states the occurrence of earworms in the general population. The threshold for what is an earworm would have to be rigorously defined somehow. I don't fault the paper methodologically per se. It was pretty explicit in its introduction that a proven methodology for dealing with this subject didn't exist yet, despite claims by previous researchers.
It would be precipitate to run a full experimental study on the earworm
phenomena since there is no clear theoretical framework in which to base such a study, and it is incumbent upon us to establish either the prevalence or importance of earworms to mental life before attempting to build such a framework (Neisser, 1976).
I think the paper does make 1 false claim:
All of the respondents recognised the “catchy tune” or earworm phenomenon.
The questions as given could not have demonstrated that. The statement conflates "catchy tune" with "earworm". No definitional statement or guidance is given as to what the difference between the two would be. Null questions don't exist to say, "Nope, earworm, never heard of it or experienced anything like that. What are you talking about?"
I do think the researchers were trying to be responsible and get a handle on what is going on. It might be interesting to see what other researchers citing their study thought, and if understanding has advanced in the last 5 years. But I think I will leave that homework to someone else. The main point I wanted to make, is that as of 2010 a lot of things aren't known about this phenomenon. I would go so far as to say that stating how frequently an earworm occurs in the general population, is definitional and purely speculative.
Going back to the original topic of the thread, there's a related literature on visual hallucinatory phenomena. I didn't look into that at all and will leave it totally to someone else. I will stand by my claim that seeing geometric shapes "loop" in one's mind, sounds a lot like too much time with internet or computer media inputs. Like I might expect it of someone who does a lot of CAD/CAM work perhaps? Anyways I bet you won't find answers to such a question just doing a quick look for the 1st claim on the internet you run into. I've demonstrated how sparsely studied the earworm phenomenon is, for instance, and the researchers called out the claims of other researchers as not grounded in science.